The most common type of deep foundation is pile, which is basically a column made of reinforced concrete, steel or timber. Pier or caisson is another type of deep foundation that is similar to pile, except their diameter is much larger. Caisson is usually used in offshore structures.
Deep foundation
usually gains its resistance from end bearing and skin friction.
An engineer should
opt to use deep foundation when shallow foundation is deemed impractical, such
as the following situations:
- Large
load
- Surface
soil with low strength
- Structure
where its settlement must be minimized
- Marine
environment where scour may occur
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