For a pile driven through clay layer, negative skin friction may occur when the layer is consolidating.
The consolidation
of clay drags the pile downward, converting the supposed shaft resistance into additional
loading instead.
The point where
positive skin friction (shaft resistance) changes to negative usually occur
within the consolidating layer.
As the consolidation
proceeds, negative skin friction and overburden pressure increase gradually.
The formula in
Beta-method may be used to determine the negative skin friction.
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