A pile may carry tension when it is provided as an anchorage against uplift force. Piles in a pile group subjected to horizontal force and moment may carry tensile load as well.
The tensile resistance
of pile is solely contributed by its shaft resistance.
However, since a pile
shaft resistance is usually measured under compression, the tensile resistance
of pile is usually determined by applying a factor to that resistance.
Such factor can be
calculated using an expression introduced by De Nicola & Randolph (1993).
When using typical
design values of soil and pile parameters, the tensile resistance is about 70%
to 85% of compressive shaft resistance.
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