Wood Shrinkage
When wood is dried continuously, water is driven from cell walls and changes in cross-sectional dimension, namely shrinkage may occur. Wood shrinka…
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Indirect Streamflow Measurement
Streamflow may be measured indirectly using hydraulic structures. Such hydraulic structures can be categorized into two main groups, namely weirs and…
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Wood Defects
Imperfections or irregularities may present in the structure of a wood. They are also known as defects. The presence of defects reduces the strengt…
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Virtual Work Method for Beam and Frame
Virtual work method was developed by John Bernoulli in year 1717. This method is used to determine the displacement and slope for beam, frame and tru…
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Field Vane Test
Field vane test (FVT) is governed by EN ISO 22476 Part 9 for United Kingdom and European region, and ASTM D2573 for the United States. This test aim…
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Physical Properties of Woods
Moisture content and density are two most important properties for woods. The moisture content of tree varies with species, age, size, location and…
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Interpretation of SPT and CPT Data
Result obtained from standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) may be used to provide us some insights on the soil properties. …
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